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VAISHNAVISM AND ARTHA PANCHAK
The knowledge of 'Artha Panchak' is very important for the followers of the Ramanuja Sampradaya. Divine knowledge is impossible without the indepth understanding of Artha Panchak. The Artha Panchak refers to the following 5 factors
- Swaswaroopa (The form of living being or Jeeva).
- Paramaswaroopa (The form of the supreme soul).
- Purusharthaswaroopa (attainments for the living beings).
- Upayaswaroopa (Means to unite microcosm with Cosmic soul).
- Virodhiswaroopa (Obstacle in unifying microcosm with Cosmic soul).
Each of these factors have 5 types. Until and unless the living being realizes the real self, he lives in illusion (maya). Unless he realizes that this world is momentary and the soul is constant, eternal and ceaseless, he shall be involved in his effort to acquire happiness from the material world. Realizing the real form of God only, can he attain eternal bliss.
- Swaswaroopa :- The Jeevatma is of 5 types -
- Constant/Eternal (which resides in Vaikuntha).
- Mukta or liberated.
- Baudha or attached(which is living in illusion).
- Kevala or one who seeks to attain God through Gyaan Yoga(knowledge).
- Mumukshu (who is always engrossed in God and desires liberation).
- Paramswaroopa:- The supreme soul is of 5 types -
- Parorupa (Sriman Narayana who resides with Goddess Laxmi in Vaikuntha).
- Vyuharupa (Lord Vasudev who resides in the ocean, Sanskarshana, Pradyumna and Aniruddha).
- Vibhava (Incarnations such as Lord Rama, Sri Krishna).
- Antaryaami (The supreme soul who is all pervasive and resides in every being in this world).
- Archavatar(The idols of Gods).
- Purusharthaswaroopa:- The attainments worth attaining by a human are known as Purushartha.
- Dharma- (Auspicious work done for the well being of society).
- Artha- (Wealth earned for performing one's duties).
- Kama- (Material and celestial happiness).
- Atmanubhava- (contemplation on the real self or divine soul).
- Bhagwatanubhava- (experiencing the beauty of surrendering to God and serving Him incessantly in Vaikuntha loka.)
- Upayaswaroopa- The 5 methods to attain God are -
Karma (action), Gyaan(knowledge), Bhakti(devotion) and Acharayabhiman (performing rituals etc. meticulously).
- Virodhiswaroopa:- The 5 types are -
- Swaroopa Virodhi,
- Paratva Rupa Virodhi,
- Purushartha Virodhi,
- Upaya Virodhi,
- Prapti Virodhi.
Those people who have renounced the material world, those who live life according to the wishes of the Lord, who are conversant with different Karma or Kriyas of Vaikunthanath, those who are capable in creating, preserving and destroying according to the Lord's wishes and those who are councillors of God such as Vishwanasena are known as 'Nitya Jeeva'(Eternal beings).
Those who are freed from the bondage of good and bad as a result of the lord's blessings, those who experience the beauty and the merits of the Lord, those who are contented and happy in Vaikuntha loka are known as 'Mukta Jeeva' (liberated souls).
Nitya Jeeva, never fall prey to Maya or illusion, Parmukta Jeeva although fall prey to Maya, they liberate themselves by seeking recourse to devotion and surrender. In this state of salvation, the micro and macro body automatically cease and the real self comes into light.
The people or creatures (Jeeva) who live and dwell in ignorance are the Jeeva lacking knowledge. They treat the soul and body alike and indulge in material happiness thinking that it is the ultimate aim of life. They indulge in violence and in misappropriation of others' wealth, land etc. These are the Baddha Jeeva (ignorant living beings).
The people desirous of Kaivalya or divine knowledge to destroy the material sorrow and suffering seek recourse to knowledge explained in the scriptures and seek the knowledge of the self, nature and Atma(soul). They dwell in themselves and are happy and because of this they are eternal and divine. After death, they become indifferent to the material world and do not seek union with God. On the contrary, they dwell in the 'Atma Rupa'(soul form) eternally. Such souls are known as 'Keval Jeeva'.
Those Jeeva's who desire liberation are known as 'Mumukshus'.
They are of 2 types (i) Upasaka (ii) Prapanna.
They are Upasakas who attain God with the help of devotion and worship. They are known as 'Prapannas' who attain God only on the basis of total surrender.
Constant contemplation of God and remembering His name, to serve the Lord like a constant flow of oil is referred to as devotion towards the Lord.
Prapatti means total selfless surrender of one's body, mind, heart and soul.
Prapatti is easier to practice than devotion or Bhakti and it yields results faster also. Because of total surrender, the Lord is pleased and out of compassion He blesses the devotee. The Prapannas believe -
TASYAIVHAM meaning "I am only His". "He is my master and my whole and soul".
There are 5 types of Gods
(1) Para (2)Vyuha (3) Vibhav (4) Antaryaami (5)Archyavatar.
Worshipping the Archyavatar is the most easiest and comfortable, but if one is so desirous of Moksha, then worship of the Para and Antaryaami is equally essential. Parabrahma, the supreme soul is separate from the material world. Therefore, one cannot serve them with the help of senses but have to be served with the help of mind only. One can serve Lord Vasudev with contemplation, surrender, seeking refuge and Ashtakshar, Dwadashakshar Mantras. The Antaryaami God is omnipresent and is in the heart of all living beings. Therefore, service towards all living beings is the service done towards God.
Vasudeva resides in Vaikunthadhaam and the embodiment of the Supreme
Divine cosmic soul. The following has been said about the Vaikunthadhaam where God resides -
TA DVISHNO NO PARAMAM PADAM SADA PASHYANTI SURYAHA| DIVEEV CHAKSHURATATAM |
(Rigveda 1/22/20)
NA TADBHASHYATE SURYO NA SHASHANKO NA TARAKAHA |
(Geeta 15/6)
PADO ASYA VIHWABHUTANI CHIDADASYAMRUTAM DIVI
(Yajurveda 31/3)
This divine place is devoid of pain, suffering, sorrow, grief and agony. Only divine eternal happiness resides here. Any momentary happiness is not at all entertained here. There is no birth, death or rebirth here. Here, Lord Narayana and Goddess Laxmi reside eternally. Even during the final annihilation (Pralay), the Vaikunthaloka is not destroyed. On reaching here, the Jeeva becomes liberated. In this place, Anant, Garuda, Vishwanasena, these Nitya or eternal beings reside and
are involved in the service of the Lord.
The liberated Jeevas assume beautiful forms and dwell eternally in divine happiness. They are blessed with divine knowledge, divine memory and divine sight. This loka is itself enlightened and celestial. It is radiant like a crore Suns together and is cool like a crore Moons together. Attainment of this state is known as 'Moksha'.
The other form of God is known as 'Vyuha Rupa' in which Sankarshan, Pradyumna and Aniruddha are there. Their duties involve creation, preservation and destruction. Vyuha are 4 in number and at some places only 3. The important amongst them is Lord Vasudeva who is sleeping on the serpent in the ocean of milk and who is with 6 merits. He is the Lord of this universe and is the destroyer of the wicked. He is the protector of Dharma and to do so He occasionally takes many incarnations. Lord Narayana commands and controls Maya. Other than this, the ultimate aim of the remaining 3 Vyuha Murtis is the creation and preservation.
The Vibhav form of the Lord includes incarnations such as Lord Rama and Shri Krishna. There have been crores of incarnations but amongst them, 24 have been considered as the most important ones.
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Vaaman, Narsimha, Parshurama, Shri Rama and Shri Krishna, Buddha and Kalki are some of them.
Amongst these, Lord Rama and Shri Krishna are Purnavatars (complete incarnations), and the rest are Anshavatars (Partial Incarnations). Partial incarnations incarnate on earth to accomplish certain tasks and after that they cease to exist. Parshurama and Shri Krishna incarnated on earth to destroy the evil. Lord Rama incarnated on earth like common man and also bore all the merits and demerits of a man. He taught us and laid before us, a code of conduct for ideal living.
Antaryaami Gods are of two types- one is present in the heart of all living beings. The Lord says that His devotees are like His soul. God resides in the heart of this universe. God who resides in the heart of the humans and always keeps a watch on the Pravritti (action) and Nivritti(inaction) and known as 'Antaryaami'.
The other type of Antaryaami God is the one who is minute, comprehensive, all pervasive, mighty and omnipresent. He is free from demerits but is witnessing everthing from everywhere. The ultimate aim of this Antaryaami God is the well being of all creatures and to encourage them on the part of righteousness. He keeps a watch on all the thoughts that arise in our mind and the emotion that arise in our heart. Those people only become great, noble devotees who serve people out of altruism and always contemplate on the Lord.
Worship of idols is referred to as Archyavatar. Archyavatar God is attainable by one and all because here God manifests himself as an idol. Service towards God can be offered very easily. The idol here is indirectly, the embodiment of God.
Till now, we assumed that cleaning the house, plucking flowers and Tulsi ( basil leaves), making food, offering food as oblation, burning incense sticks means devotion and worship, but it is not so. These are the worship merely of the Archyavatar God. We can attain Moksha only if we worship all the forms of God. The worship of Paramatma- Vasudeva and Antaryaami God is also very necessary.
Vasudeva is beyond Maya, therefore, He cannot be worshipped with the senses and has to be worshipped with mind. Incessantly remembering the name of God, contemplation, meditation and reciting the mantras and involving oneself in service of the Lord is the worship of Vyuharupa. Listening to the Puranas and reciting them and praising the greatness and divine play of Gods is the worship of Vibhavrupa. The Antaryaami god is omnipresent and is present in everyone. One can worship Antaryaami God in this way.
- One should avoid doing bad or incurring sin in any circumstances because Antaryaami God is present even there.
- One should not allow passions and bad thoughts to enter his mind. One should work selflessly without expecting anything in return. One should consider worship of the Lord as one's duty and perform it humbly.
- One should never misuse the body, the wealth and power even inadvertently. One should make the life happy and contented and indulge in religious activities.
- Maintaining one's love towards parents, friends, family, nation, caste and the poor.
- Have compassion and pity on people. Think and do everything for the well being of the people.
One should not indulge in sensual pleasure and inflict suffering and pain on the people. One should not even think bad of the people but make others' life happy, noble and chaste. Service done to Vasudeva means
TAN SE KARMA KARHU VIDHINANA |
MAN RAKHA HU JAHA KRIPA NIDHINA ||
MAN SE SAKAL VASANA BHAGI |
KEVAL RAM CHARAN LAYA LAGI ||
Service of the Antaryaami means make one's actions and thoughts pure to love all creatures and think in the interests of all. There are many ways to attain God. Karma Yoga, Gyaan Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Prapatti Yoga. The first half of the Vedas explain the concept of Karma and the second half of the Vedas analyze the concept of Gyaan. One gets to see Bhakti all throughout, especially in Pancharatra, Geeta and other texts. Some texts briefly explain the concept of Prapatti or total surrender. Karma(actions) performed with a motive can take a person to Swarga but cannot avert his rebirth. Karma Yoga inspires us towards liberation, Gyaan Yoga helps us to understand the real self and the supreme soul. It is helpful in Bhakti Yoga. The path of Keval Gyaan is difficult and it takes one towards Kaivalyavastha.
There is a fusion of Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Gyaan Yoga and Prapatti Yoga in the Ramanuja Vedanta. The obstacles in Moksha are ignorance, the conditioning because of Karma and wrong knowledge (Avidya). Until the effects of Karma are not wiped out, the micro body cannot be destroyed. Karma Yoga performed selflessly cannot create attachments and flaws in the personality. Gyaan Yoga destroys accumulated Karma and we get closer to the supreme soul. In Prapatti Yoga, we become totally dependent on the Lord. Shri Ramanujacharya has considered the Vedas as authentic and has considered both Purvamimansa and Vedanta to be one form of scriptural knowledge. In this way, the Vaishnavs attain the knowledge of Arth Panchak and become successful in attaining the state of bliss.
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